Effects of thyroid hormone ( T4 and T3 )

Target Tissue	Effect	Mechanism
Heart	Chronotropic Inotropic	Increased number of -adrenergic receptors
		Enhanced responses to circulating catecholamines
		Increased proportion of -myosin heavy chain (with higher ATPase activity)
Adipose tissue	Catabolic	Stimulated lipolysis
Muscle	Catabolic	Increased protein breakdown
Bone	Developmental	Promote normal growth and skeletal development
Nervous system	Developmental	Promote normal brain development
Gut	Metabolic	Increased rate of carbohydrate absorption
Lipoprotein	Metabolic	Formation of LDL receptors
Other	Calorigenic	Stimulated oxygen consumption by metabolically active tissues (exceptions: testes, uterus, lymph nodes, spleen, anterior pituitary)
		Increased metabolic rate

                 Source ganong's Review of medical Physiology 23rd Edition

Features of adult hypothyroidism

Symptoms                                                                

• Tiredness / malaise  
• Weight gain 
• Cold intolerance 
• Constipation 
• Depression 
• Menorrhagia 
• Oligomenorrhoea 
• Defness 
• Phychosis 
• Arthrlgia 
• Poor memory
• Muscle weakness / Stiffness 

Sign 

• Mental slowness 
• Dry skin 
• Bradycardia 
• Dry thin hair 
• Slow relaxing reflexes 
• Loss of eyebrows 
• Hypertension 
• Hypothermia 
• Heart failure 
• Pericardial effusion 
• Cold peripheries 
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Oedema
• Deep voice
• Goiter
• Over weight
• Myotonia
• Muscular hypetrophy
• Mroximal myopathy

Features of hyperthyroidism in adults
Symptoms

• Weight loss                  
• Increased appetite
• Irritability
• Restlesness
• Malaise
• Muscle weakens     
• Tremor
• Palpitation
• Heat intolerance
• Diarrhoea
• Goiter
• Oligomenorrhoea
• Loss of libido
• Gynacomastia
• Chorioathetosis

Sign

• Tremor
• Exophthalmus
• Lid lag
• Tachycardia
• Warm periphrasis
• Systolic hypertension
• Cardiac failure
• Conjunctival oedema
• Ophthalmoplegia
• Weight loss
• Proximal muscle wasting
• Pretibial myxoedema

Features of  hypothyroidism in children 

Congenital	Acquired
Failure to thrive	Short stature/growth failure
Feeding problems	Dry skin
Prolonged jaundice	Cold peripheries
Constipation	Bradycardia
Pale, cold, mottled dry skin	Thin, dry hair
Coarse facies	Pale, puffy eyes with loss of eyebrows
Large tongue,Hoarse cry	Goitre
	Slow-relaxing reflexes
	Constipation
	Delayed puberty
	Obesity
	Learning difficulties
	Deterioration in school work
	Slipped upper femoral epiphysis

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